Confix
ke - an
'Ke - an' is used to form a noun that identify a state, character or condition in connection with the root word in a general or vague sense.
Examples
| sehat | healthy | kesehatan | health |
| lapar | hungry | kelaparan | hunger |
| bersih | clean | kebersihan | cleanliness |
| merdeka | free, independent | kemerdekaan | freedom, independence |
| tinggi | high | ketinggian | altitude, elevated place |
| anggota | member | keanggotaan | membership |
To form an adjective with a sense of excessiveness:
Examples
| dingin | cold | kedinginan | terlalu dingin | too cold |
| besar | big | kebesaran | terlalu besar | too big |
| kecil | small | kekecilan | terlalu kecil | too small |
| merah | red | kemerahan | terlalu merah | too red |
| merah | red | kemerahan | agak merah | rather red |
The Confix 'ke - an' can also form a noun that indicate a negative state by adding 'tidak', i.e. ketidak - ROOT WORD - an:
Examples
| tidak sama | unequal | ketidaksaman | inequality |
| tidak jujur | dishonest | ketidakjujuran | dishonesty |
| tidak adil | unjust | ketidakadilan | injustice |
per - an
'Per - an' forms noun and indicates the result of an action (as opposed to the process) and may also indicate a place or location.
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | per - an | Meaning |
| masalah | problem | permasalahan | set of problems |
| janji | promise | perjanjian | agreement |
| nikah | marry | pernikahan | marriage |
| empat | four | perempatan | junction, cross-roads |
| damai | peace | perdamaian | peace |
| sahabat | good friend | persahabatan | friendship |
pe - an
'Pe - an' creates an abstract noun that indicates the process of performing the action of what the verb refers to.
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | pe - an | Meaning |
| makam | grave | pemakaman | funeral |
| bubar | dismiss | pembubaran | dissolution |
| tinggal | remain | peninggalan | estate, inheritance |
| dapat | earn, get | pendapatan | income, acquision |
| tekan | pressure | penekanan | pressing, emphasizing |
| sumbat | plug, stooper | penyumbatan | clogging, blockage |
ber - an
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix) is an affix that is attached to the front and to the end of a base simultaneously. However, not all base words can be combined with affixes, nor are they always consistent in their subsequent usage and meaning.
This confix form a verb that indicates mutuality or reciprocity.
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | ber-an | Meaning |
| kejar | chase, pursue | berkejaran | race each other |
| tabur | spread | bertaburan | scattered |
| jatuh | fall | berjatuhan | drop everywhere |
| desak | push | berdesakan | jostle one another |
per - an versus pe - an
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | Confix | Comparison | Meaning |
| buat | do, make | per - an | perbuatan | deed, action, performance, conduct, act |
| pe-an | pembuatan | fabrication, construction, production | ||
| hitung | calculate | per - an | perhitungan | calculation, computation, consideration |
| pe-an | penghitungan | calculating | ||
| pecah | break apart | per - an | perpecahan | disunity, disunion |
| pe-an | pemecahan | sollution, fission, breakthrough |
me - kan
Some base words that are combined with two affixes (eg. me + root word+ kan) can produce an adjective rather than a verb, or even both.
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | me - kan | In a sentence | Meaning |
| takut | scared | menakutkan | Film itu menakutkan | That movie is scarry |
| biar | let | membiarkan | Saya membiarkan hal itu terjadi | I am letting that happen |
| kerja | work/do | mengerjakan | Dia sedang mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah | He's doing his homework |
| bingung | comfuse | membingungkan | Masalah ini membingungkan saya | This problem confuses me |
| darat | land | mendaratkan | Pilot itu mampu mendaratkan pesawat dengan selamat | That pilot can land the airplane safely |
di - kan
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | di - kan |
In a Sentence | Meaning |
| ajar | teach | diajarkan | Setiap anak diajarkan untuk memahami sejarah Indonesia | Each child is taught to understand Indonesian History |
| beban | load | dibebankan | Kenaikan harga minyak selalu dibebankan pada konsumen | Oil price increase is always imposed on the consumer |
| besar | big | dibesarkan | Ayah saya dibesarkan oleh pamannya | My father was raised by his uncle |
di - i
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | di - i | In a Sentence | Meaning | ||
| bumbu | spice | dibumbui | Ayam ini hanya dibumbui garam dan merica | This chicken is only spiced up by salt and pepper | ||
| hantu | ghost | dihantui | Dia masih dihantui oleh perceraian orang tuanya | She's still traumatised by her parents divorce | Tidak dibebani hutang-hutang. | Unencumbered by debts. |
me - i
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | me - i | In a Sentence |
Meaning |
| teman | friend | menemani | Saya harus menemani ibu saya | I have to accompany my mother |
| guru | teacher | menggurui | Sikapnya selalu menggurui terhadap saya | He's always a know-it-all to me |
| takut | afraid, scared | menakut-nakuti | Dia senang menakut-nakuti adiknya | He loves scaring his brother away |
ber - kan
Examples
| Root Word | Meaning | ber - kan | In a Sentence | Meaning |
| mandi | bath | bermandikan | Malam ini langit bemandikan cahaya bintang | Tonight the sky is bathed in stars |
| dasar | base | berdasarkan | Berdasarkan kenyataan .... | Based on the fact ... |